Category Archives: Book Review – Nonfiction

Fully Automated Luxury Communism

This is an idea where computers manage the economy perfectly so we can all live lives of leisure.

The most ardent advocate for FALC, Aaron Bastani, a London-based media executive and writer, has written a new book on the topic. In it, he advances a curious, passionate argument, with a dire assessment of the present and a messianic vision for the future. Bastani believes that we are already living through a potentially epochal transformation of the economy, as epochal as the establishment of agriculture and the introduction of engines and electricity. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and advanced computing might be about to eliminate the need for human labor in no small part, Bastani claims.

The Atlantic

This article doesn’t quite tell you what it is. Without reading the book, I imagine the idea might be that you invest in the right technologies to grow the economy while minimizing ecological harm, then reinvest some of the gains in an optimal way while paying an equitable dividend to everyone in the world. Maybe at some point, you work things out so that money is no longer necessary to keep the system in balance. That’s my guess as to what is in this book – maybe I should read the book and find out.

Bill McKibben

Bill McKibben has a new book called Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out? In an interview with the Intercept, he expresses a lot of concern about climate change. Another interesting thing he talks about is the idea that genetic technology could mean that an individual human could become obsolete for the first time.

As things stand, these technologies will take the economic inequality presently in existence and encode it in our genes. This is so obviously going to happen if we continue down this path that no one bothers to argue otherwise. Lee Silver, a professor at Princeton University who is one of the leading proponents of genetic modification, has already said that in the future we will have two unequal classes of human beings: “GenRich” and “naturals.” He and many others have already begun taking such a future as granted.

Bringing Nature Home

I’m reading Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants by Douglas Tallamy. It’s a pretty interesting book because he is an entomologist and writes from that perspective. His message is pretty straightforward: most plants have compounds that help them defend against insects, and native plants have evolved for millions of years with insects that specialize in eating them. These insects are overwhelmingly the base of the food chain that supports everything else up to birds and larger animals. Replace the natives with ornamentals from elsewhere, often specifically bred to be unattractive to insects, and there are a lot fewer insects. The ecosystem doesn’t function any more, even if the plants kind of look similar to the way the functioning ecosystem used to look. Add to this the long list of devastating pests and diseases that have been imported along with alien ornamental plants, and ornamental plants that have escaped into the wild to further devastate ecosystem function, and the case is pretty strong.

Joseph Stiglitz’s Economic Platform

Joseph Stiglitz has a new book on what he thinks an evidence-based progressive economic platform should look like. I admit, I haven’t read the book, but I have read this Axios summary of the book. And here is my summary of that summary:

  • “the government should spend as much money as it takes to bring the economy to full employment.” Nicely put.
  • strong antitrust action, including against social media companies
  • a federal job guarantee, but no universal basic income or explicitly race-based reparations
  • the ability to opt in the Medicare
  • (optional) mortgages provided by the government (well, don’t we have something close to this already? I guess it’s just that private banks get their cut before they hand it over to an “implicitly” government-backed lender. I guess you could cut out the middleman.
  • Higher education funded by a progressive tax on post-graduation earnings: “Graduates earning more than $30,000 might pay 1% of their income toward repaying their student loans; those on seven-figure salaries might pay 4%. After 25 years, the loans are forgiven.” He doesn’t specify this has to be public schools only, although it seems to me this would blur the distinction. And if this federal program existed, is it possible states would reduce or end their funding for state schools and blur the distinction even more?

This all sounds good to me. Add some serious research spending and it just might work. The jobs guarantee might work, but would have to be coupled with a stronger disability, mental health and substance addiction safety net than we have now.

Isaac Asimov’s guide to the Bible

In 1968, Isaac Asimov released a guide to the Bible. According to Open Culture,

“I am trying,” Asimov writes in his introduction, “to bring in the outside world, illuminate it in terms of the Biblical story and, in return, illuminate the events of the Bible by adding to it the non-Biblical aspects of history, biography, and geography.” This describes the general methodology of critical Biblical scholars. Yet Asimov’s book has a distinct advantage over most of those written by, and for, academics. Its tone, as one reader comments, is “quick and fun, chatty, non-academic.” It’s approachable and highly readable, that is, yet still serious and erudite.

Asimov’s approach in his guide is not hostile or “anti-religious,” as another reader observes, but he was not himself friendly to religious beliefs, or superstitions, or irrational what-have-yous. In the interview above from 1988, he explains that while humans are inherently irrational creatures, he nonetheless felt a duty “to be a skeptic, to insist on evidence, to want things to make sense.” It is, he says, akin to the calling believers feel to “spread God’s word.” Part of that duty, for Asimov, included making the Bible make sense for those who appreciate how deeply embedded it is in world culture and history, but who may not be interested in just taking it on faith.

Superintelligence

I’m reading (listening to, actually) Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom and finding it unexpectedly very interesting. The book focuses on artificial intelligence, but early on he talks about possibilities for enhancing biological intelligence using current or near-future technology. Here’s an online paper where he talks about the same concept. Just using current in vitro fertilization technology, which creates about 10 embryos at a time, you could theoretically boost IQ by about 11 points if you pick just the smartest of the 10. (This is just a thought experiment so let’s not worry about the other 9. Of course, some otherwise reasonable people are going to have an ethical problem with this.) Do that 10 times in a row and you could theoretically boost IQ by 100 points or more. Einstein had an IQ of about 160. So you can produce a race of super-Einstein’s using current technology. Now, it would take 250 years to do this, and you would have to get everybody to do it, both to make a real impact at the societal level, and to avoid disturbing implications of those left behind.

Using a likely near-future technology called iterative embryo selection, you can theoretically extract the DNA from one or more embryos, move it to sperm and egg cells, combine them again to make a new set of embryos, and do it again. This might take a few years or months to go the 10 generations of 1-in-10, rather than 250 years. Now it’s potentially something big.

I’m a bit worried about super-villains. I don’t see any reason to think twice-as-smart humans will automatically be twice as ethical or twice as empathetic, and it might only take one really bad apple to ruin whatever utopia our newly brilliant problem solving selves come up with.

Like I said, the book is really about artificial intelligence. He believes that even humans enhanced to have, say, double the current average IQ will eventually be far outclassed by machines. It is not going to take 250 years for that to happen, so creating smarter humans in 250 years won’t make a lot of sense. If we create smarter humans in the short term, he thinks they will just use their smarts to make smarter machines even sooner.

This is just scratching the surface. It’s really a fascinating book, and somewhat like when I first read The Singularity is Near, I kind of feel like I am being let in on secrets that nobody else around me knows.

Blue Origin and The High Frontier

I was listening to a Geek’s Guide to the Galaxy podcast focusing on Jeff Bezos’s company Blue Origin. He doesn’t publicize his space activities as aggressively as Elon Musk, but he is serious apparently. The interviewee is Christian Davenport, author of a book called The Space Barons: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. He says that one of Bezos’s inspirations is an older book called The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space by Gerard O’Neill. Here’s an excerpt from the Amazon description of that book:

In 1974, Dr. O’Neill put his three-pronged plan of Space Colonization, Space Solar Power and Large Scale Space Construction into easily accessible form with the release of the book The High Frontier. Fourteen years later, The Space Studies Institute, founded by O’Neill, re-released the original text, unchanged except for the doctor’s addition of the Appendix “A View from 1988…”

This is one of the milestone and timeless classics of Space Habitation, Alternative Power and Human Potential, all made possible with technology we already have. A Must-Read.

Obama’s favorite books of 2018

In a Facebook post, Barrack Obama claims to have read 29 books this year. That’s impressive, even if there is some skimming involved. I guess the dude is basically retired and he probably also has some help with childcare. Good for him. No word on whether Donald Trump reread his copy of the collected speeches of Adolf Hitler even once this year.

New York Times Top 10 Books of 2018

Well, I had a look at their Top 10, and nothing really caught my eye. There are two book-length expansions of magazine articles I remember reading, one a Mother Jones article about private prisons, and Michael Pollan’s article on psychedelics. Both were good, but the articles were long enough and got the point across. I don’t need to read the books.

They also have a list of “books that didn’t make the top 10“. Steven Pinker has a new one on why things are actually not so bad in the United States right now. Incidentally, you can contrast it with this article about how things are really bad in the United States right now, or at least going in a bad direction when most of the rest of the developed world is making progress. I think it depends on who you are – things are okay if you are a middle-class professional or higher on the class ladder (and you pretty much have to be a professional to live a middle class life style these days, which is the problem – being at the median really does not necessarily mean a middle class life style these days.)

Another one that caught my eye – just in time for Christmas! – is called The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World. I’ve always sort of thought that even in the Christian world of the Middle Ages was less enlightened than what came before, and arguably less enlightened than the Muslim and East Asian worlds of the time, it at least preserved art, music, and literature that was built on later. The title of this one (which I admit is all I have read) seems to cast doubt on that.

Vertical Farms

I’m listening to Dixon Despommier’s 2010 book Vertical Farming. I was expecting an architect-y, design-y kind of book, but it turns out Despommier is an ecologist and his main message is ecological. He believes the current system of farming has been a disaster for the planet’s ecosystems and that it is also headed for a catastrophic collapse with current and increased demands for food. His argument is to bring most agriculture into high rises in urban areas where it can be very carefully controlled. This would also allow the re-wilding of most land currently devoted to agriculture worldwide.

He argues that this an economical choice when the value of ecosystem services is considered (although he simultaneously makes this argument and rails against the idea of monetizing ecosystems at all). I’m a little more than halfway through the book and I haven’t gotten to the part where he argues that the cost of using artificial light rather than taking advantage of free and abundant sunlight is offset by other costs. I assume he is going to get to that. I also wonder if he is going to address the idea that removing one limit (in this case, the amount of food that can be produced with the planet’s available land and sunlight) in the long term could allow us to continue growing the population until we hit another limit. These are a couple questions I am curious how we will address, but overall I am enjoying the book. He does briefly bring up the idea that this could be a step toward moving into space or colonizing other planets.